In his book,
Democracy and Its Critics (1989), Dahl clarifies his view about democracy. No modern country meets the ideal of democracy, which is as a theoretical utopia. To reach the ideal requires meeting five criteria:
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- Effective participationCitizens must have adequate and equal opportunities to form their preference and place questions on the public agenda and express reasons for one outcome over the other.
- Voting equality at the decisive stageEach citizen must be assured his or her judgments will be counted as equal in weights to the judgments of others.
- Enlightened understandingCitizens must enjoy ample and equal opportunities for discovering and affirming what choice would best serve their interests.
- Control of the agendaDemos or people must have the opportunity to decide what political matters actually are and what should be brought up for deliberation.
- InclusivenessEquality must extend to all citizens within the state. Everyone has legitimate stake within the political process.
Instead, he calls politically advanced countries "polyarchies". Polyarchies have elected officials, free and fair elections, inclusive suffrage, rights to run for office, freedom of expression, alternative information and associational autonomy. Those institutions are a major advance in that they create multiple centers of political power.
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