Okay, I cannot let this guy fall any further...
6.10 Nicholaus Copernicus, wild card
Earlier in this draft I selected Galileo, who is known for spreading the idea of the sun, not the sun, was the center of the solar system. However, he was not the person who came up with this idea, it was Copernicus (well, technically others had postulated this theory as well, but we'll ignore them...). His book, On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, described decades of his work that was ultimately published around the time of his death, though some of his peers were aware of the content of the book before publication. This book is regarded at an important time in history, as it started the Scientific Revolution along with the start of modern astronomy. Throughout his life, he also worked in other fields such as mathematics, physician, classical scholar, artist, translator, governor, military leader, diplomat, and economist. He lived from 1473-1543.
Right now, I'll put him as a wild card, but I may change that later.
Full bio
here
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In 1514 Copernicus made available to friends his Commentariolus (Little Commentary), a six page hand-written text describing his ideas about the heliocentric hypothesis. It contained seven basic assumptions. Thereafter he continued gathering data for a more detailed work.
In 1533, xxx delivered in Rome a series of lectures outlining Copernicus' theory. The lectures were heard with interest by xxx and several Catholic cardinals.
On 1 November 1536, xxx wrote a letter to Copernicus from Rome:
Some years ago word reached me concerning your proficiency, of which everybody constantly spoke. At that time I began to have a very high regard for you... For I had learned that you had not merely mastered the discoveries of the ancient astronomers uncommonly well but had also formulated a new cosmology. In it you maintain that the earth moves; that the sun occupies the lowest, and thus the central, place in the universe... Therefore with the utmost earnestness I entreat you, most learned sir, unless I inconvenience you, to communicate this discovery of yours to scholars, and at the earliest possible moment to send me your writings on the sphere of the universe together with the tables and whatever else you have that is relevant to this subject ...[16]
By then Copernicus' work was nearing its definitive form, and rumors about his theory had reached educated people all over Europe. Despite urgings from many quarters, Copernicus delayed with the publication of his book, perhaps from fear of criticism — a fear delicately expressed in the subsequent Dedication of his masterpiece to xxx. Scholars disagree on whether Copernicus' concern was limited to physical and philosophical objections from other natural philosophers, or whether he was also concerned about religious objections from theologians.[17]
Copernicus was still working on De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (even if not convinced that he wanted to publish it) when in 1539 xxx, a Wittenberg mathematician, arrived in Frombork. xxx had arranged for Rheticus to visit several astronomers and study with them.
xxx became Copernicus' pupil, staying with him for two years and writing a book, Narratio prima (First Account), outlining the essence of Copernicus' theory. In 1542 xxx published a treatise on trigonometry by Copernicus (later included in the second book of De revolutionibus).
Under strong pressure from xxx, and having seen the favorable first general reception of his work, Copernicus finally agreed to give De revolutionibus to his close friend, xxx bishop of Chełmno (Kulm), to be delivered to Rheticus for printing by xxx.
Copernicus' major theory was published in the book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), in the year of his death, 1543, though he had arrived at his theory several decades earlier.
In his Commentariolus Copernicus had summarized his system with the following list of seven assumptions:[25]
1. There is no one center of all the celestial circles or spheres.
2. The center of the earth is not the center of the universe, but only of gravity and of the lunar sphere.
3. All the spheres revolve about the sun as their mid-point, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe.
4. The ratio of the earth's distance from the sun to the height of the firmament is so much smaller than the ratio of the earth's radius to its distance from the sun that the distance from the earth to the sun is imperceptible in comparison with the height of the firmament.
5. Whatever motion appears in the firmament arises not from any motion of the firmament, but from the earth's motion. The earth together with its circumjacent elements performs a complete rotation on its fixed poles in a daily motion, while the firmament and highest heaven abide unchanged.
6. What appear to us as motions of the sun arise not from its motion but from the motion of the earth and our sphere, with which we revolve about the sun like any other planet. The earth has, then, more than one motion.
7. The apparent retrograde and direct motion of the planets arises not from their motion but from the earth's. The motion of the earth alone, therefore, suffices to explain so many apparent inequalities in the heavens.
De revolutionibus itself was divided into six books:
1. General vision of the heliocentric theory, and a summarized exposition of his idea of the World
2. Mainly theoretical, presents the principles of spherical astronomy and a list of stars (as a basis for the arguments developed in the subsequent books)
3. Mainly dedicated to the apparent motions of the Sun and to related phenomena
4. Description of the Moon and its orbital motions
5. Concrete exposition of the new system
6. Concrete exposition of the new system
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