ROUGHING THE PASSER
Article 13 Because the act of passing often puts the quarterback (or any other player attempting a pass) in
a position where he is particularly vulnerable to injury, special rules against roughing the passer apply. The
Referee has principal responsibility for enforcing these rules. Any physical acts against passers during or
just after a pass which, in the Referee's judgment, are unwarranted by the circumstances of the play will
be called as fouls. The Referee will be guided by the following principles:
PASS LEAVING PASSER'S HAND; ONE-STEP RULE
(1) Roughing will be called if, in the Referee's judgment, a pass rusher clearly should have known that the
ball had already left the passer's hand before contact was made; pass rushers are responsible for
being aware of the position of the ball in passing situations; the Referee will use the release of the ball
from the passer's hand as his guideline that the passer is now fully protected; once a pass has been
released by a passer, a rushing defender may make direct contact with the passer only up through
the rusher's first step after such release (prior to second step hitting the ground); thereafter the rusher
must be making an attempt to avoid contact and must not continue to "drive through" or otherwise
forcibly contact the passer; incidental or inadvertent contact by a player who is easing up or being
blocked into the passer will not be considered significant.
UNNECESSARY ACTS AGAINST PASSER
(2) A rushing defender is prohibited from committing such intimidating and punishing acts as "stuffing" a
passer into the ground or unnecessarily wrestling or driving him down after the passer has thrown the
ball, even if the rusher makes his initial contact with the passer within the one-step limitation provided
for in (1) above. When tackling a passer who is in a defenseless posture (e.g., during or just after
throwing a pass), a defensive player must not unnecessarily or violently throw him down and land on
top of him with all or most of the defender's weight. Instead, the defensive player must strive to wrap
up or cradle the passer with the defensive player's arms.
HITS TO PASSER'S HEAD AND USE OF HELMET AND FACEMASK
(3) In covering the passer position, Referees will be particularly alert to fouls in which defenders
impermissibly use the helmet and/or facemask to hit the passer, or use hands, arms, or other parts of
the body to hit the passer forcibly in the head or neck area (see also the other unnecessary-roughness
rules covering these subjects). A defensive player must not use his helmet against a passer who is in
a defenseless posture for example, (a) forcibly hitting the passer's head or neck area with the helmet
or facemask, regardless of whether the defensive player also uses his arms to tackle the passer by
encircling or grasping him, or (b) lowering the head and making forcible contact with the top/crown or
forehead/"hairline" parts of the helmet against any part of the passer's body. This rule does not
prohibit incidental contact by the mask or non-crown parts of the helmet in the course of a
conventional tackle on a passer.
CLUBBING PASSER'S ARM
(4) A defensive player is prohibited from clubbing the arm of a passer during a pass or just after a pass
has been thrown; however, a defensive player may grasp, pull, or otherwise make normal contact with
a passer's arm in attempting to tackle him;
HITTING PASSER'S KNEE
(5) A rushing defender is prohibited from forcibly hitting in the knee area or below a passer who has one
or both feet on the ground, even if the initial contact is above the knee. It is not a foul if the defender is
blocked (or fouled) into the passer and has no opportunity to avoid him;
Note 1: A defender cannot initiate a roll or lunge and forcibly hit the passer in the knee area or below, even if he
is being contacted by another player.
Note 2: It is not a foul if the defender swipes, wraps, or grabs a passer in the knee area or below in an attempt
to tackle him.
GRASP AND CONTROL
(6) The Referee must blow the play dead as soon as the passer is clearly in the grasp and control of any
tackler behind the line, and the passer's safety is in jeopardy.
PASSER OUT OF THE PLAY
(7) A passer who is standing still or fading backwards after the ball has left his hand is obviously out of
the play and must not be unnecessarily contacted by the defense through the end of the play or until
the passer becomes a blocker, or until he becomes a runner upon taking a lateral from a teammate or
picking up a loose ball, or, in the event of a change of possession on the play, until the passer
assumes a distinctly defensive position. However, at any time after the change of possession, it is a
foul if (a) an opponent forcibly hits the quarterback's head or neck area with his helmet, facemask,
forearm, or shoulder, or (b) if an opponent lowers his head and makes forcible contact with the
top/crown or forehead/"hairline" parts of his helmet against any part of the quarterback's body. This
provision (b) does not prohibit incidental contact by the mask or the helmet in the course of a
conventional block.
PASSER OUT OF THE POCKET
(8) When the passer goes outside the pocket area and either continues moving with the ball (without
attempting to advance the ball as a runner) or throws while on the run, he loses the protection of the
one-step rule provided for in (1) above, and the protection against a low hit provided for in (5) above,
but he remains covered by all the other special protections afforded to a passer in the pocket
(numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7), as well as the regular unnecessary-roughness rules applicable to all player
positions. If the passer stops behind the line and clearly establishes a passing posture, he will then be
covered by all of the special protections for passers.