rockaction
Footballguy
If you participate in online communities or public debate, you might have noticed a type of response that occurs often these days. It starts with a phrase like the ones below. Each one is ostensibly an observation that posits that there is some sort of behavioral problem with a speaker or writer who is advancing a particular argument or even just discussing an issue. The speaker is met with something like one of these phrases by a person (let's call them the interlocutor) who says something like:
If you've encountered this type of response, you've run into the fallacy of the argumentum ad personam, a subset of which are those phrases that are personal attacks that portend to accurately assess and observe a problem or change regarding the personality or emotional status of the original speaker. It is unrelated and irrelevant to the speaker's position, the subject matter, and the debate topic. The interlocutor sometimes uses a direct insult that is easily noticed, but it is just as often an indirect and disingenuous way of making an implicit argument in a debate without addressing the original speaker's substantive arguments. This attack upon the speaker's personality and emotional state rather than his argument is a specific type of ad hominem that puts the personality of the speaker into play, attempting to discredit him by stating or implying he is compromised or irrational and unable to craft a reasoned argument.
The interlocutor using the tactic does not present himself as a participant in the debate, but instead obliquely insults the state of the speaker's emotions, hoping to advance the interlocutor's implicit counterargument. The interlocutor does not agree to follow any of the rules or accept any of the responsibilities that come with good-faith engagement. He sidesteps all of the substantive rigor and required rules of proper debate and subverts its traditional model. Further, the indirect nature of the interlocutor's statement means that the counterargument is only implicitly embedded and often allows the interlocutor to avoid looking like he's making an argument at all. Therefore, the true intent of the statement can sometimes be plausibly denied as a simple comment or insult, but many times it is neither neutral nor a mere observation—it is a specific technique with a goal in mind.
When it is not an insult or simple comment, it is bad faith from the beginning. There is a rhetorical framing that shifts what the debate is about. It is now about the speaker's temperament. He is placed in a terrible position by the implied suggestion that he is not regulating his emotions appropriately; and therefore his argument is a product of emotional distress of some sort, which makes it ill-considered. This claim of irrationality and unfitness is a red herring and irrelevant to the debate, yet as this fallacious event is happening it gets worse for the speaker. Another shift also happens. The audience (who are the real judges, for they will accept or reject the argument) shifts their attention to the speaker's personality, and they wait for him to defend himself. The debate has been seized and the audience captured by a performative posture that traffics in irrelevancy.
It is a no-win situation and a double bind. It forces the speaker into a situation where he cannot address the accusation without risks. The audience is now concentrating on him and not the issue. He is left with two options regarding the accusation: 1) he can answer it or 2) ignore it. If he answers the accusation, he risks further cementing the audience’s capture by making himself the issue. He also risks the audience disbelieving his denials. If the speaker ignores the allegation, he risks seeming evasive to an audience that might see his evasiveness as evidence of his instability. If they decide that the speaker's emotional status has been observed correctly by the interlocutor, they might then reject the original argument and deem it unfit because it was shaped by an emotionally unstable man.
So this tactic invites the audience to believe that the speaker's purported instability makes his argument unworthy of engagement. It attempts to disqualify him. It can also imply (and often does) that this lack of fitness inheres in the argument itself and that it carries over to anybody who tries to advance the speaker's argument, as if the argument itself is poisoned because only unfit people would argue such an illegitimate position. From there it is a short leap to claiming that the position is not worthy of debate at all because everything about it is unfit, and here we have gone from a sentence having nothing to do with the issue to the exclusion of the argument en toto. Inevitably, we debate about having the debate at all. Entire schools of thought have been wiped out of polite discussion because of the ad personam fallacy. They have lain dormant and unexamined.
To wit, there are current debates whereby large chunks of the populace are telling people not to debate a particular issue at all; and that those people who engage each other are suckers because the controversies in question are "manufactured" and inauthentic; and that debating will only serve the goals of the left/right/up/down, and therefore the best thing to do is to quash the debate. It is a similar tactic to the ad personam—those who agree with the status quo of an issue will attribute a fundamental malfeasance to any party seeking to debate the merits of the issue and the debate becomes about whether any debate should be had at all. Were you a rube who bought into that MAGA/media/leftist/right-wing-created controversy? Well, if you argued about it then you helped the MAGA/media/leftists/right-wing by keeping them in the spotlight. It is a gatekeeping tactic designed to exclude people who lack the numbers or the ability to advance their cause against the other "side's" status quo. It is simply a reinforcement of power and advantage rather than the result of contemplative thought and wisdom.
Response to this:
The best option is to point out immediately what has happened. The only way to break free from the trap is to point it out right away and tell the audience what has happened. The speaker should explain that It was not an innocent statement but an attempt to discredit him by proffering an untrue assumption. He should explain the refusal of the interlocutor to enter or participate in the debate and how he has sidestepped engagement and protocol, and he should explain what the fallacy is and how the rhetorical reframing caused a shift in the focus from issue to personality. This assumes a neutral and fair judge, moderator, or arbiter.
- “Why do you care?”
- “Y U MAD”
- “You seem upset.”
- “You're only saying that because you're an unfeeling white guy. Sit this one out"
- "You seem awfully worked up"
- "You're not very stable, are you?"
- "You’re divorced — maybe that’s why you’re bitter about gender roles"
- "Another irrational vegan talking about the FDA"
If you've encountered this type of response, you've run into the fallacy of the argumentum ad personam, a subset of which are those phrases that are personal attacks that portend to accurately assess and observe a problem or change regarding the personality or emotional status of the original speaker. It is unrelated and irrelevant to the speaker's position, the subject matter, and the debate topic. The interlocutor sometimes uses a direct insult that is easily noticed, but it is just as often an indirect and disingenuous way of making an implicit argument in a debate without addressing the original speaker's substantive arguments. This attack upon the speaker's personality and emotional state rather than his argument is a specific type of ad hominem that puts the personality of the speaker into play, attempting to discredit him by stating or implying he is compromised or irrational and unable to craft a reasoned argument.
The interlocutor using the tactic does not present himself as a participant in the debate, but instead obliquely insults the state of the speaker's emotions, hoping to advance the interlocutor's implicit counterargument. The interlocutor does not agree to follow any of the rules or accept any of the responsibilities that come with good-faith engagement. He sidesteps all of the substantive rigor and required rules of proper debate and subverts its traditional model. Further, the indirect nature of the interlocutor's statement means that the counterargument is only implicitly embedded and often allows the interlocutor to avoid looking like he's making an argument at all. Therefore, the true intent of the statement can sometimes be plausibly denied as a simple comment or insult, but many times it is neither neutral nor a mere observation—it is a specific technique with a goal in mind.
When it is not an insult or simple comment, it is bad faith from the beginning. There is a rhetorical framing that shifts what the debate is about. It is now about the speaker's temperament. He is placed in a terrible position by the implied suggestion that he is not regulating his emotions appropriately; and therefore his argument is a product of emotional distress of some sort, which makes it ill-considered. This claim of irrationality and unfitness is a red herring and irrelevant to the debate, yet as this fallacious event is happening it gets worse for the speaker. Another shift also happens. The audience (who are the real judges, for they will accept or reject the argument) shifts their attention to the speaker's personality, and they wait for him to defend himself. The debate has been seized and the audience captured by a performative posture that traffics in irrelevancy.
It is a no-win situation and a double bind. It forces the speaker into a situation where he cannot address the accusation without risks. The audience is now concentrating on him and not the issue. He is left with two options regarding the accusation: 1) he can answer it or 2) ignore it. If he answers the accusation, he risks further cementing the audience’s capture by making himself the issue. He also risks the audience disbelieving his denials. If the speaker ignores the allegation, he risks seeming evasive to an audience that might see his evasiveness as evidence of his instability. If they decide that the speaker's emotional status has been observed correctly by the interlocutor, they might then reject the original argument and deem it unfit because it was shaped by an emotionally unstable man.
So this tactic invites the audience to believe that the speaker's purported instability makes his argument unworthy of engagement. It attempts to disqualify him. It can also imply (and often does) that this lack of fitness inheres in the argument itself and that it carries over to anybody who tries to advance the speaker's argument, as if the argument itself is poisoned because only unfit people would argue such an illegitimate position. From there it is a short leap to claiming that the position is not worthy of debate at all because everything about it is unfit, and here we have gone from a sentence having nothing to do with the issue to the exclusion of the argument en toto. Inevitably, we debate about having the debate at all. Entire schools of thought have been wiped out of polite discussion because of the ad personam fallacy. They have lain dormant and unexamined.
To wit, there are current debates whereby large chunks of the populace are telling people not to debate a particular issue at all; and that those people who engage each other are suckers because the controversies in question are "manufactured" and inauthentic; and that debating will only serve the goals of the left/right/up/down, and therefore the best thing to do is to quash the debate. It is a similar tactic to the ad personam—those who agree with the status quo of an issue will attribute a fundamental malfeasance to any party seeking to debate the merits of the issue and the debate becomes about whether any debate should be had at all. Were you a rube who bought into that MAGA/media/leftist/right-wing-created controversy? Well, if you argued about it then you helped the MAGA/media/leftists/right-wing by keeping them in the spotlight. It is a gatekeeping tactic designed to exclude people who lack the numbers or the ability to advance their cause against the other "side's" status quo. It is simply a reinforcement of power and advantage rather than the result of contemplative thought and wisdom.
Response to this:
The best option is to point out immediately what has happened. The only way to break free from the trap is to point it out right away and tell the audience what has happened. The speaker should explain that It was not an innocent statement but an attempt to discredit him by proffering an untrue assumption. He should explain the refusal of the interlocutor to enter or participate in the debate and how he has sidestepped engagement and protocol, and he should explain what the fallacy is and how the rhetorical reframing caused a shift in the focus from issue to personality. This assumes a neutral and fair judge, moderator, or arbiter.
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