I am far from a China expert but I have spent a lot of time in China and speak with Chinese co-workers on a weekly basis. You are right - the culture is polar opposite from ours. The following are some of my personal thoughts::
My impressions are that the Chinese emphasize the collective whereas we emphasize the individual. We are concerned about individual rights and liberties whereas the Chinese are concerned about society as a whole - how they fit in, the good of the country. You kind of have to have an outlook like that with a billion citizens. You see that emphasis everywhere - how they drive, wait in lines, etc...at least, that's how I perceive it. The whole concept of "waiting your turn" is foreign to the Chinese - instead, it's about who wants/needs something more gets it. They don't get upset if someone in a hurry cuts in line or pulls out in front of them.
They don't care about copying or people copying them. They don't want to be unique because you can't have a society that large where everyone wants to stand out. going with the flow seems to be exactly what everyone wants to do. That philosophy extends to patent law, btw. They really don't care about IP infringement because the notion of IP is inherently selfish.
They are also very shrewd business men. Everything is a hustle. Everyone works hard, their whole lives. 6 day work weeks for a lot of them, and the only time away is Chinese New Years. And there is no social safety net, no SS, no unemployment. You have only what you earned. That being said, every square inch of land is put to work - someone is using every inch to make a buck. For instance - the circle of land around an entrance ramp to the highway - there may be some guy using that land to grow potted plants.
How this plays out geopolitically - hell if I know. I know that war with the west means a lot of very wealthy people would get hurt financially. our economic ties are really, really strong. the China and US GDP would tank immediately with war. MAD for sure, but economic destruction. Could we recover without them? Could they recover without us? I don't know. We are addicted to cheap labor, they are addicted to our capital. Can we find cheaper labor somewhere else? Maybe, especially with automation, but it won't be easy. it would take probably a decade. What happens in China without us buying their goods? I think that would ruin them.