GeauxTigers
Footballguy
Whatever. Believe whatever your little heart desires.Horology is shambles based upon gene sequencing. What we thought were common ancestors are not based upon DNA. Rather we call in convergent evolution or horizontal gene transfer. The point is the tree of life is a bush not a tree.Bushes not trees Excerpts from the article.If you don't know what evolution is, you shouldn't be in this conversation. Go do some research.Evolution is a proven fact. If you would have read my posts, every single organism that has ever lived has a common ancestor. It is a proven fact and it is that simple. If you ever took a biology class....or hell just go google it....you can even see the family tree of all living organisms and how they trace back throughout history of the Earth.Please tell me what evolution is and then show me the proof.
Problem is evolution is defined as change over time. I have no problem with that. But it isn't very satisfying and does not do what you think it does- Prove that life and the complexity of life happened without God. It is just some water down definition that doesn't help anybody figure anything out.
Life...or "the complexity of life"...happened. I never said God didn't have anything to do with it. Nobody knows if there is a God. But I do know evolution is a fact. I also know that life started somehow and how life started, can be explained scientifically. You don't need a god to explain how life started and you don't need a God to explain how the Universe started. However, that doesn't mean that a "God" didn't start the universe and put all things in motion, which eventually led to the first single celled organism that would evolve to humans.
Here we discuss how and why certain critical parts of the TOL [Tree of Life] may be difficult to resolve, regardless of the quantity of conventional data available. We do not mean this essay to be a comprehensive review of molecular systematics. Rather, we have focused on the emerging evidence from genome-scale studies on several branches of the TOL that sharply contrasts with viewpoints such as that in the opening quotation [a quote by Dawkins that implies we'll get the TOL correct eventually] imply that the assembly of all branches of the TOL will simply be a matter of data collection. We view this difficulty in obtaining full resolution of particular when given substantial data as both biologically informative and a pressing methodological challenge. The recurring discovery of persistently unresolved clades (bushes) should force a re-evaluation of several widely held assumptions of molecular systematics. Now, as the field is transformed from a data-limited to an analysis-limited discipline, it is an opportune time to do so.”
Three observations generally hold true across metazoan datasets that indicate the pervasive influence of homoplasy at these evolutionary depths. First, a large fraction of single genes produce phylogenies of poor quality. For example, Wolf and colleagues [9] omitted 35% of single genes from their data matrix, because those genes produced phylogenies at odds with conventional wisdom (Figure 2D). Second, in all studies, a large fraction of characters genes, PICs or RGC disagree with the optimal phylogeny, indicating the existence of serious conflict in the DNA record. For example, the majority of PICs conflict with the optimal topology in the Dopazo and Dopazo study [10]. Third, the conflict among these and other studies in metazoan phylogenetics [11,12] is occurring at very “high taxonomic levels above or at the phylum level.
For instance, theory [34] and simulation analyses [8] predict that a small fraction of substitutions will be homoplastic by chance (about 2, depending upon model assumptions and evolutionary distances). However, analysis of the elephant/sirenian/hyrax dataset and the coelacanth/lungfish/ tetrapod dataset indicates that the actual level of homoplasy is ~10% of amino acid substitutions in the first case (178 homoplastic/1,743 total substitutions) and ~15% in the second case (588 homoplastic/3,800 total substitutions), several times greater than expected [8,34]. Similar high levels of homoplasy exist in datasets from other bushy clades [35] (unpublished data) and hold irrespective of analytical methodology [8].
“Although it may be heresy to say so, it could be argued that knowing that strikingly different groups form a clade and that the time spans between the branching of these groups must have been very short, makes the knowledge of the branching order among groups potentially a secondary concern.”
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I was hoping there was some new information on this that I had missed.
Neslonesque shtick here
Nice try, Mr. Cameron