Final Rankings of the 20 Greatest Political Documents: Commentary and Rankings by Yankee23fan
No. 1 - The Constitution of the United States - 20 points
Adopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 17, 1787, this document is the founding supreme law of the United States. Later ratified by enough states to become the binding law, and therefore abolish the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution is a remarkable document unparalelled in the human political experience. After attaining victory over the crown in the war for independence, the revolutionaries of the American colonies had to take the next step - the step where almost every other revolution fails. They had to govern. Initially, in order to protect the republican principals that led the charge of revolution, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were erected to be the national authority over the collected states. But, in keeping with each pure republican ideal, the Articles failed to actually lead to a unified country the likes of which the whole nation-state exercise requires. The founders wished to be both individual and collective in their republican government, and their initial attempt failed.
As with so many revolutions, that failure could have led to dictatorship, monarchy, further war, and an end to the potential of greatness the American revolution stood for. But, this time it was different. Forged out of a few centuries of political revelation that the world had never seen, the new American nation created the Constitution. It has become one of the longest existing, stable and powerful governing documents in world history, and has led a small colonial people to attain world empire status that the ancient Greeks and Romans could only dream of.
As a written supreme law, it was not the first. As a written statement of individual rights to be protected and considered supreme to the government, it was not the first. But it consolidated those ideals, and many others into a truly remarkable and powerful document. It limited government authority. It protected the most sacred rights. It created a system whereby if something needed to be changed, it could be, within the law and without revolution. Where so many revolutions like the French failed, the ratification of the Constitution succeeded. The debate surrounding it created more of some of the greatest political works in history, many drafted in this exercise. And to be sure, the Constitution is not perfect - the men who wrote it wouldn't argue otherwise. It is imperfect, and it is accepted as such so that our nation may grow and prosper with the understanding that certain bedrock things must be adhered to, but the rest - within Constitutional confines - can be changed, altered, amended and corrected. It is a beautiful document, for both its idealism and its practicality, its successes (immediate and long term) and its failures.
Thousands of years of human history came before it. Hopefully, thousands more come after it. And the smart money should be on this document standing the test of time. Should America ever fail, and should the empire be extinguished like so many have, it is still likely that the Constitution of the United States stands as a testament to government by, of and for the people of the nation it governs, full of ideals and ideas that have altered the political speech of our species, and have led to more freedom and liberty in our world then perhaps any other single document.
No 2. - Magna Carta - 19 points
The English legal charter first commissioned in 1215, it was the first written set of laws presuming to limit the power of the crown for his people. To be sure, the people in this case were landed barons, and not exactly the common man. But to be fair, it was a unique moment in monarchy for before that, the king was enthroned by God, unquestioned, and all knowing. Though there were eras where it wasn't adhered to as anything more then a wish of the people, its message and idea - that the crown could be limited in scope - has formed the basis for many politcal ideas that came forth in the later centuries, including such things as our own Constitution and specifically such ideals as the right to a speedy trial as codified by our Bill of Rights. Our Supreme Court has even quoted from and used the text and trestises of the Magna Carta on finer historical points.
It's moved several times in all the previous unofficial tallies of these documents, but in the end, I believe it has to be top 3.
No. 3 - Declaration of Independence - 18 points
We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal. That they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, amongst which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
It's perhaps the most powerful written testament to that thing we call natural rights, used in a format to call attention to the wrongs committed against the colonies by the crown, and has become a beacon message for the peoples of the world that long for freedom. Penned by Thomas Jefferson with ideas from such great political minds as John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Locke, James Mason and others, this crowing acheivment of political idea was the verbal salvo of the American Revolution.
Abraham Lincoln is known to be a lover of this document and the ideals behind it, coming so far as to consider it the most important document in American history, and the one that shed light on the Constitution. It was used by him as the guiding principal of his administration. And even though it wasn't given the romantic attention it receives now for a few decades, no one can question the power of the words, and the message therein. For the signers pledged their mutual fortunes and sacred honor to the ideals there and marched forth to an unknown time where monarchy was removed and republican government of the people was made the crown.
No. 4 - Communist Manifesto - 17 points
Published in 1848 it has become one of the most powerful political writings in history. The overwhelming message was one of a change from society based on capitalism to the communist ideal, protecting the classes of people it was written for, and creating a new governmental ideal that since its writing has become the leading antangonist to the western governments based on capitalist and democratic systems.
If it just ended there, then it wouldn't be ranked this high. For as we know, the communist governments of the world that became great in the 20th century have since imploded. But there is more to the story, for the communist idea has mutated itself and become part of the western governments discussions of rights and liberties. You just have to look to the 10 foundations of the Manifesto to see what has become of the idea:
The abolition of private property has not taken hold yet, nor should it, but in that idea we can find the growing power of eminent domain in our country, and I'm sure abroad. A progressive income tax is now considered by many to be a funding necessity based on fairness and justice. Inheritance rights haven't been abolished, but the taxing system for them - and their constant attack - is achieving a part of that goal. A national bank with national credit is something that we seem to be heading towards in some American form here. Centralization of communications and transportation is also something that has been acquired. Free public education is now such a part of the lexicon of this republican country that to challenge it is unpatriotic. And the various forms of the working class armies have been seen in the formation of Unions. And last but not least, the state controlling the means of production is seen in some industries in various ways.
All told, while the true idea has not been realized, you can't argue with the fact that the democratic idea has stolen some of the basic communist ideas, made them its own, and now use the terms liberty and freedom to protect them. The socialist movements of the world, the ever growing government in this country, and the communist ideal are all working together to realize the message of this document. It is helping to lead the charge in politcs, and has since the early 20th century. It is likely that the ideals therein will continue to become as we move forward in this 21st century.
No. 5 - The Universal Declaration of Human Rights - 16 points
Rising out of the ashes of World War II were many world wide attempts to temper the lesser nature of man and come to some universal agreement as to how we should treat each other in peace, and even in war. This document is one of the results. One of the most translated documents in the world, it sets core principals of how the peoples of the world are to treat each other - how the governments will treat their own people. Pope John Paul described the document as the collective human conscience of the time and Eleanor Roosevelt crowned it a new Magna Carta of all men in the world. It suffers from the fact that it isn't enforceable in any meaningful way, nor is it a creation document like our Constitution. But it stands for something world wide and calls on the better nature of ourselves. In that, it gets points the above documents do not, for it is a work of and for all people.
No. 6 - United Nations Charter - 15 points
The charter treaty that established the United Nations. Again, arising from the terror of World War II, and seeing the potential of the original League of Nations, it was created to be a world league to assist in maintaining peace and stability the world over. It was hoped it would become the central hub of international cooperation and the staging area for collective world affiars that would make the terrors of World War II something that could never occur again. The jury is still out on that one, and the body has just as many failures as successes that it claims. It also suffers from the nation-state organization of its members, its lack of true authority and the collective biases of many member nations. In short, the charter created another organization of man - the difference here though is that it attempted to actually create a world organization to focus on the collective problems of mankind. It's a noble goal, and a noble treaty.
No. 7 - The Atlantic Charter - 14 points
The world blueprint that became a reality after World War II. Such things like the aforementioned United Nations Charter, and its offspring, not to mention such international trade agreements like GATT, and the independence of former British and French possessions were the children of this treaty. Credited to Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt the basic tenants of the charter were agreed to by America and Britian before American officially entered the war. It informed the world that the allies were not seeking territorial gains for conquest, but fighting a righteous war against the worst of aggression. It wasn't an official treaty nor was it ever officially signed as a document of the true collective purpose of the two major creators - but it was an idea that sparked the post war peace and world structure that came to life.
No. 8 - Maastricht Treaty - 13 points
Could this possibly be the treaty that gets Europe to act as one voice in international affairs? If it does, then in another few decades this could end up being #1. The treaty led to the creation of the euro, and created what is commonly referred to as the pillar structure of the European Union. This conception of the Union divides it into the European Community (EC) pillar, the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) pillar, and the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) pillar. The latter two pillars are intergovernmental policy areas, where the power of member-states is at its greatest extent. The creation of the pillar system was the result of the desire by many member states to extend the European Economic Community to the areas of foreign policy, military, criminal justice, judicial cooperation to the European Community and the misgiving of other member states, notably the United Kingdom, to add areas which they considered to be too sensitive to be managed by the supra-national mechanisms of the European Economic Community. It's a treaty that massively altered world monetary policy and with it global economics. While it could be argued that it should suffer from a newness that other selections do not, the fact remains that just about every major world conflict and restructuring is due to conflict someone where in Europe. If it is a continent that continues to grow and work together for its collective benefit, then world affairs will be fundamentally altered unlike anything seen for hundreds of years.
Or, it could turn out to be another European decree with no force behind it that simply creates another level of beauracracy. But, I'm giving it the benefit of the doubt for now.
No. 9 - Washington's Farewell Address - 12 points
It's not a speech. It was an open letter written to the people of the United States in the form of a speech such that the vernacular of the text is in speech form. But ti wasn't a speech. It was something more. Much, much more. It was the goodbye of the American republican king. The man who was given the keys to the kingdom was saying, no thanks. It was a remarkable moment in our history, and world history. For in that act, one of the most important foundations of the new republic was sealed - there would be peaceful transition of power in a government where the people ruled. It could work. And it could work because of men like George Washington.
And beyond the romance of the document (which, if you are ever desiring to learn more, pick up Joe Elli's Founding Brothers - you won't find a better review of this moment anywhere in print) there was a practical message that became the bedrock principal of American foreign relations. We all know the simple context of it and to paraphrase - beware foreign alliances and the entangling nature of world events. Few people realize the power that this statement had the effect of it as well. The United States did not enter into a permanent international military alliance until NATO in 1949 - almost 200 years after Washington told us to be careful of such a thing. That is power. That is legacy. A message that told the people that their king was stepping down peacefully because the cause of liberty was greater then he, a message that claimed the Constitution superior and the adherance to its laws mandatory, a message to the people to beware amendments to the Constitution that would weaken the very structure of the government they created together (16th and 17th anyone), a message to beware political parties, foreign military entanglements and a message of piety calling the people to keep their religious values, community bonds and continue the education of its children above all was a message with such force and power that it created the singular principal that did in fact create a world empire.
No. 10 - Peace of Westphalia – 11 points
The two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24, 1648, respectively, and written in French, that ended both the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire (today mostly Germany) and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III (Habsburg), the Kingdoms of Spain, France and Sweden, the Dutch Republic and their respective allies among the princes and the Republican Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress and initiated a new order in central Europe based on the concept of state sovereignty. Until 1806, the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ended the war between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord.
No. 11 - Peace of Paris (1783) – 10 points
The collection of treaties that ended the American Revolution and claimed the existence of a new nation, the United States of America. Many parts of it were actually hated by the people of Britain and the result was a sea-bound cold war in which America was still a pawn of the crown and the results were the War of 1812 which was the final stage for the American Revolution.
No. 12 - I Have a Dream Speech - 9 points
One of the greatest speeches ever given, it was the defining moment in the struggle for civil rights in America for all people. It wasn't the victory speech of the moment, nor was it a creation speech in that a new government or political party arose from its words. It was a message of hope. And it was a call to this nation to finally get right the struggle of its people to be given the opportunities that the Constitution demanded. It is a speech that will be remembered and repeated as long as there is an America to honor it.
No. 13 - Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – 8 points
The fundamental document of the French Revolution. Many of the tenants of this charter are still in practice in the current French constitution. Yet, many of the failures of the French Revolution can be found in the failures of this document.
No. 14 - Code of Hammurabi – 7 points
One of, if not the, first set of written laws it was also one of the first written examples of a king not having absolute and total control of his people. It’s a very ‘eye for an eye’ document, but it was one of the first forms of a constitution.
No. 15 - Gettysburg Address – 6 points
To me, this is the greatest speech in American history. But unlike Dr. King’s speech, it didn’t necessarily do or stand for anything. It was a memorial speech by the President, so short that almost all the media present failed to capture. So powerful that its words still ring true today. It is perhaps the best review of the purpose of this nation, our government and Constitution, as has ever been penned.
No. 16 - Treaty of Tordesillas – 5 points
Enacted to solve the problem that Columbus created by finding the New World, this treaty apportioned the lands outside of Europe were split between Spain and Portugal. It left many open ended questions that were never resolved and the actual separation of lands was never completed. And the powers of the parent nations were stripped within a few centuries making the dictates worthless in view of new treaties and powers, but it was an important attempt at the time to facilitate the colonization of a rather large part of the globe.
No. 17 - Edict of Milan – 4 points
Issued in 313 A.D. it was a declaration of religious tolerance by Emperor Constantine. It was in reality a political play to stop the ever growing Christian powers from overtaking the entire Roman Empire, either through war or not. It was one of the first wide ranging acknowledgments that Christianity was becoming a force the entire empire would have to deal with.
No. 18 - Emancipation Proclamation – 3 points
A military proclamation from the President in the midst of civil war. But what it did was give clarity and purpose to the anti-slavery movement in America that was sitting behind the civil war waiting for a day of liberty. Its ideas are part of the basis that led to the Constitutional Amendments following the war and the end of slavery. Of course, the document itself attempted to force things it could not enforce at the time, but you had to start somewhere.
No. 19 - Mayflower Compact – 2 points
The first governing document of the new Plymouth colony. The Pilgrims continued the western European notion of written laws and societal agreements in this new land that continued right through our Constitution. Some symmetry to complete the list.