28.04-J'ACCUSE!--Emile Zola-Non-Fiction
Some might think that this is an odd choice for a draft of this type. For after all, in 2009, who really remember or cares about anti-Semitism in the French Army during the Third French Republic. But Emile Zola, was the conscience of France, a celebrated writer and influential political figure. J'Accuse was an open letter, published on the front page of L'Aurore, a Parisian newspaper. The letter was an accusation leveled against the President of France, accusing the government of anti-Semitism most specificaly in the case of Captain Alfred Dreyfus an officer in the French army who was accused of spying for the Germans. Germany had recently defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War and the border between France and Germany was always tense. Zola pointed out judicial errors and lack of serious evidence. The letter was printed on the front page of the newspaper, and caused a stir in France and abroad. Zola was prosecuted and found guilty of libel on 23 February 1898. To avoid imprisonment, he fled to England, returning home in June 1899.
Émile Zola argued that "the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus was based on false accusations of espionage and was a misrepresentation of justice."[4] He first points out that the real man behind all of this is Major du Paty de Clam. Zola states: "He was the one who came up with the scheme of dictating the text of the bordereau to Dreyfus; he was the one who had the idea of observing him in a mirror-lined room. And he was the one that Major Forzinetti caught carrying a shuttered lantern that he planned to throw open on the accused man while he slept, hoping that, jolted awake by the sudden flash of light, Dreyfus would blurt out his guilt."[5]
Next Zola points out that if the investigation of the traitor was done properly, then the evidence would clearly show that the bordereau came from an infantry officer and not artillery, such as Dreyfus.[5]
Émile Zola strongly defends Alfred Dreyfus and all of justice when he states: "These, Sir, are the facts that explain how this miscarriage of justice came about; The evidence of Dreyfus's character, his affluence, the lack of motive and his continued affirmation of innocence combine to show that he is the victim of the lurid imagination of Major du Paty de Clam, the religious circles surrounding him, and the 'dirty Jew' obsession that is the scourge of our time."[5]
After more investigation, Zola points out that a man by the name of Major Esterhazy was the man that should have been convicted of this crime, and there was proof provided, but he could not be known as guilty unless the entire General Staff was guilty, so the War Office covered up for Esterhazy.
At the end of his letter, Zola accuses General Billot of having held in his hands absolute proof of Dreyfus's innocence and covering it up.[5] He accuses both General de Boisdeffre and General Gonse of religious prejudice against Alfred Dreyfus.[5] He accuses the three handwriting experts, Messrs. Belhomme, Varinard, and Couard, of submitting false reports that were deceitful, unless a medical examination finds them to be suffering from a condition that impairs their eyesight and judgment.[5]
Zola's final accusations were to the first court martial for violating the law by convicting Alfred Dreyfus on the basis of a document that was kept secret, and to the second court martial for committing the judicial crime of knowingly acquitting Major Esterhazy.[5]
Dreyfus was ultimately cleared of espionage charges and his life sentence to Devils Island for espionage was annuled. He ultimately received the Legion of Honor, all thanks to the courage of Emile Zola to publish J'ACCUSE against the president of France.