While Columbus is the most instantly familiar explorer, there are only a few at the top of the heap imo. How many people did the others lean on in their travels? Marco Polo was one of a few, and he traveled the silk roads all the way to courts of Kublai Khan. My personal #1 in the category...
3.12 -- Marco Polo, Explorer.
Opening eyes in the Dark Ages
The groundbreaking 24-year journey of Venetian explorer Marco Polo (1254-1324) unveiled a whole new world to Europeans of the Middle Ages. And it inspired the great explorers of future generations, not the least of which was Christopher Columbus, who was seeking the riches of the Far East when he landed in the Americas in 1492.
Travel log: Eight war zones. 20 visas, 17 countries, and 33,000 miles. That's what it would take if you wanted to retrace Polo's journey today.
Of course, the dangers of today couldn't begin to compare to the perils of traveling the Silk Route from Europe to the Far East and back 700 years ago.
Early adventures: Just 17 years old when he, his father, Niccolo, and uncle, Maffeo, hit the road, the Polo trio sailed across the Adriatic and Mediterranean seas, a voyage that alone was bold because at the time monsters were believed to dwell in the sea. Outside Jerusalem, they took holy water from Jesus's tomb to deliver to the great Mongol ruler Kublai Kahn. Then it was off to Turkey, where Polo met knightly crusaders whom he'd dreamed about as a young boy. They slept in the shadow of Mount Ararat, where legend said Noah's Ark landed after the flood. All the while, Polo took detailed notes on the landscape, the people, and the rugs, jewels, and other goods that they encountered along the way. Despite the threat of bandits, they crossed the oppressively hot Persian desert (now the nations of Iran and Iraq) and climbed the mountains of present-day Afghanistan. They met Buddhists, Jews, Hindus, and Zoroastrians, among others. They traded for spices, pearls, linen embroidered with gold, ivory tusks, and other goods brought to them from India. Continuing their way towards the southeast, they crossed Pamir--a land of glacier-clad peaks of 20,000 feet that the natives called the Roof of the World. Their route led them over the old southern caravan route through Kashmir, a place that would not be visited again by Europeans for another 600 years.
For the history books: Three years after their journey began, they arrived at their destination, the summer residence of the great Kublai Kahn, whose marble palace featured gilded rooms and beautiful paintings. For 17 years Polo remained there, working as an emissary for the ruler of China. When the three men finally returned to Venice after a 24-year absence, according to legend, their own families didn't recognize them. Of course, their relatives wised up when the three men opened their bags full of diamonds, rubies, and gold.
Words to live by: The story of this remarkable journey nearly went unrecorded. Luckily, for us if not him, Polo was captured during a war and sent to prison. Behind bars, he met a writer of romance stories who listened to Polo's tales and recorded them in a book called The Travels of Marco Polo, which remains one of the greatest travelogues of all time. While some scholars have argued that Polo made up much of his tale, the great traveler's death-bed words speak volumes: "I only told half of the extraordinary things that occurred to me in this amazing life."
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Bonus pic