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Official Great Works Draft (3 Viewers)

Actually, come to think of it, I know what I'm going to pick. Anyone take a quick PM and I'll do write-up later?

 
Yankee23Fan said:
So, let me see if I have this straight.wikkid didn't like something flysack did and considered it arrogant some how. This coming from the same arrogant windbag that actually compared what he thought he went through in this thread to the Cain Mutiny, as if he and his opinions in this little exercise are actually worth something more then little ones and zeros flying through space to nowhere in particular. In between all this, we have another drafter actually losing sleep at night because he's trying to figure out how to draft the doggie style position for inventions, the smilie list for poetry, and his own schtick for novel. Then, back to the arrogant heavy weight ifight where something happened to make the arrogance get kicked up a notch like Emeril was there and threw igarlic on the ifire.Meanwhile, our commissioner has only threatened to quit 5 times, actually did quit twice, came back both times, attempted to resign, did resign, came back, tried to turn over the power to someone else, realized that it probably meant no one would then listen to anything he said and thought better of it and now is back, has promised to not quit again, will not resign and is on top of all things draft. Until the next time. And he doesn't like a certain group of p:e:ople that seem to have it out for him because that is the only reason why his team wouldn't make it out of the first round of voting - not the crappy craptastic picks he has made.DougB is probably sitting on a beach somewhere with a russian chick on one arm and a brazilian chick on the other, reading this thread and laughing at all of us. But then he realized that he had a russian chick on one arm and a brazilian chick on the other arm and all he could think about was reading this thread. So, that shotgun blast you just heard in the distance was DougB dropping out. I suggest we find a new drafter.Which again brings us back to the guy that came up with this idea, fora free flowing draft where ideas could be discussed and it could take a long time, who now is quitting because he doesn't like the ideas being discussed, it's taking too long, and no one seems to bow down to his surpeme intellect concerning all things in this draft, and therefore his greatness could be used elswhere. nufced. So, he's gone. We actually got a final I quit and I'm leaving post, which in usual FFA fashion will mean that he will post again within 5 days, give or take a day.And in the middle of all of this a poster that actually got married during a draft - no word yet if she actually had a laptop open while the vows were being shared - actually got her possibly real new husband to volunteer to be an actual judge in this thing which means she either held sex over his head until he did it, he isn't real, or she seriously married a :lmao: and that is a low blow coming from someone who has now been a part of all three of these frackin drafts. If I asked my wife to be a judge here, she would very calmly go get a suitcase and leave. Hey, wait a minute..............ok, back. Didn't know you could fit that much......... never mind. Ok, and here we are. Somewhere close to halfway. We've lost one drafter, who happened to be the creator. We've got a possibly real outside real world spouse coming in to be a judge. We've got one owner who is laying in a pool of blood with a russian chick and brazilian chick going through his wallet, and flysack is still here, funny as ever. Has tim quit again yet?Have I missed anything that happened in just the past 48 frackin hours? Jeesh.
:tinfoilhat: No, not just good....greatposting.
 
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30.14 (594th pick) - The Bronze David - Sculpture

Donato de'Bardi detto Donatello

Donatello's David (Bargello museum, Florence)

Two more angles

Detail of face

Site with numerous image links

The statue of David, by Donatello, depicts a young David standing nude (it is the first large-scale bronze nude statue in the renaissance) and holding in his hand Goliath's sword, above the head of the dead Giant. As to its dating there is no agreement among the scholars, the most acceptable view suggest the statue to be from the 1440's. It is the same subject as his earlier marble statue of the same scene from 1408-9, however it displays a very different David than the well dressed victorious king. It is also different in the moment depicted because at the marble statue David still holds his slingshot, and hasn't taken up yet the Giant's sword in order to slay him.

Donatello's statue depicts a nude, with some feminine features. Having feminine body serves both as a possible explanation of Jonathan's love for him (because he was beautiful like a woman) as well as to show that his accomplishment in tossing the stone at Goliath was not a result of his feminine like physic but rather of God's will. As in Michelangelo's David , it could be demonstrated that the nudity of Donatello's David is a possible interpretation of the biblical text describing the biblical hero and future king in the time of the fight with Goliath (Follow the link to the article about Michelangelo's David for an explanation of David's nudity). David's nudity at the time of the battle is contrasted with Goliath's heavy armor, for the head, which is visible under the Hero's feet, is covered in the most part by an iron helmet.

However, Donatello's David unlike the later figure by Michelangelo, is not completely nude. David wears a hat, which has a laurel on top, and a pair of boots on his legs.

This might serve, as a kind of comic response to religious minded critics who might claim it is improper nudity of the Biblical hero and ancestor of Christ. For one could response: "he is not nude at all, he has his hat and boots on".

On the helmet of Goliath is depicted a scene of the ark of the covenant carried by angles, and above the ark are the priests Ophni and Pinnees given offerings from the angels of God. This scene is part of the battle in which the Israelites brought to the battle field with the Philistines their most holy object (the ark of the covenant), trusting that God would bring them victory, yet the Philistines were the victorious ones, and God did not help Israel (1 Samuel 4:3-22).

The hat David is wearing is a straw hat. Peasants, shepherds and others working in the open air wore these hats. Not being of much value in cold weather, the straw hat is aimed mainly to protect from the sun (for example in paintings of summer time). Therefor it is appropriate to David who came to fight Goliath from the desert and therefor was wearing indeed clothes for hot weather. Being mainly a practical garment of the lower classes, rather than a fashion statement, the straw hat had many varieties and shapes according to different regions. The laurel on top of the hat is the symbol for a victorious general in roman times.

It is uncertain whether the boots David wears are military gear or a shepherd's boots. It would seem plausible that they are not metallic for David had rejected the hero's armor because it was not comfortable to maneuver with it, so there is no reason to assume he would have left on a metallic foot-wear. The fact that they are open-toed suggests (as does the straw hat) a warm weather, and perhaps the sculptor's wish to have the toes visible.

Donatello most likely received the idea of Ancient time warriors fighting in the nude with helmet and boots from Greek Vase paintings depicting such scenes. However, at his time, it is unknown whether Donatello had available to him one of the Greek vases with such a depiction. Unlike, these ancient warriors, David has instead of a helmet (symbolizing the warrior) - the shepherd's hat, in order to identify him as a shepherd as well as a warrior.

Vasari relates a story by which a figure of Christ, Donatello made was said to look like a peasant by Brunelleschi. When Donatello saw a Christ made by Brunelleschi He said Brunelleschi will make Christs and he would make peasants. And so he made indeed his symbolic Christ (which David symbolizes) a peasant like with his straw hat (on the connection between the nude David and Jesus see the section on Michelangelo's David in this work).
 
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30.14 (594th pick) - The Bronze David - Sculpture

Donato de'Bardi detto Donatello

Donatello's David (Bargello museum, Florence)

Two more angles

Detail of face

Site with numerous image links

The statue of David, by Donatello, depicts a young David standing nude (it is the first large-scale bronze nude statue in the renaissance) and holding in his hand Goliath's sword, above the head of the dead Giant. As to its dating there is no agreement among the scholars, the most acceptable view suggest the statue to be from the 1440's. It is the same subject as his earlier marble statue of the same scene from 1408-9, however it displays a very different David than the well dressed victorious king. It is also different in the moment depicted because at the marble statue David still holds his slingshot, and hasn't taken up yet the Giant's sword in order to slay him.

Donatello's statue depicts a nude, with some feminine features. Having feminine body serves both as a possible explanation of Jonathan's love for him (because he was beautiful like a woman) as well as to show that his accomplishment in tossing the stone at Goliath was not a result of his feminine like physic but rather of God's will. As in Michelangelo's David , it could be demonstrated that the nudity of Donatello's David is a possible interpretation of the biblical text describing the biblical hero and future king in the time of the fight with Goliath (Follow the link to the article about Michelangelo's David for an explanation of David's nudity). David's nudity at the time of the battle is contrasted with Goliath's heavy armor, for the head, which is visible under the Hero's feet, is covered in the most part by an iron helmet.

However, Donatello's David unlike the later figure by Michelangelo, is not completely nude. David wears a hat, which has a laurel on top, and a pair of boots on his legs.

This might serve, as a kind of comic response to religious minded critics who might claim it is improper nudity of the Biblical hero and ancestor of Christ. For one could response: "he is not nude at all, he has his hat and boots on".

On the helmet of Goliath is depicted a scene of the ark of the covenant carried by angles, and above the ark are the priests Ophni and Pinnees given offerings from the angels of God. This scene is part of the battle in which the Israelites brought to the battle field with the Philistines their most holy object (the ark of the covenant), trusting that God would bring them victory, yet the Philistines were the victorious ones, and God did not help Israel (1 Samuel 4:3-22).

The hat David is wearing is a straw hat. Peasants, shepherds and others working in the open air wore these hats. Not being of much value in cold weather, the straw hat is aimed mainly to protect from the sun (for example in paintings of summer time). Therefor it is appropriate to David who came to fight Goliath from the desert and therefor was wearing indeed clothes for hot weather. Being mainly a practical garment of the lower classes, rather than a fashion statement, the straw hat had many varieties and shapes according to different regions. The laurel on top of the hat is the symbol for a victorious general in roman times.

It is uncertain whether the boots David wears are military gear or a shepherd's boots. It would seem plausible that they are not metallic for David had rejected the hero's armor because it was not comfortable to maneuver with it, so there is no reason to assume he would have left on a metallic foot-wear. The fact that they are open-toed suggests (as does the straw hat) a warm weather, and perhaps the sculptor's wish to have the toes visible.

Donatello most likely received the idea of Ancient time warriors fighting in the nude with helmet and boots from Greek Vase paintings depicting such scenes. However, at his time, it is unknown whether Donatello had available to him one of the Greek vases with such a depiction. Unlike, these ancient warriors, David has instead of a helmet (symbolizing the warrior) - the shepherd's hat, in order to identify him as a shepherd as well as a warrior.

Vasari relates a story by which a figure of Christ, Donatello made was said to look like a peasant by Brunelleschi. When Donatello saw a Christ made by Brunelleschi He said Brunelleschi will make Christs and he would make peasants. And so he made indeed his symbolic Christ (which David symbolizes) a peasant like with his straw hat (on the connection between the nude David and Jesus see the section on Michelangelo's David in this work).
nice selection :tinfoilhat: :lmao:
 
The leads are weak.

30.15 Jack Lemmon, Glengarry Glen Ross (Acting Performance)

First Part of The Film

Won't take any chances now that the play has been selected. This whole film is STACKED with powerhouse performances. Although Baldwin turns in one of the greatest one-scene performances ever and Pacino is equally magnetic, my favorite part of the film is Lemmon as the meek, down-on-his-luck Shelley "The Machine" Levene, the former great trying to salvage his job and his dignity, hopefully getting a taste of his old glory days in the process. Blame can always be deflected to his boss, his leads or whatever else strikes his fancy, allowing him to live with his delusions. Pitch-perfect performance.

 
' said:
I vote that this next round become Norwood's proposed Free For All RoundTM.

and also that krista be ejected from the draft

All in favor? I
Catching up here.Just wanted to say I vote NOT to eject Krista.

If we kick Krista then the only person left to bang a gavel will be Tim. While this may loosen him up a bit, it won't be a pretty process to watch.

unvote Krista

 
30.17 Soap (invention)

Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid.

Soap consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and is obtained by reacting common oils or fats with a strong alkaline solution (the base, popularly referred to as lye) in a process known as saponification. The fats are hydrolyzed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol.

The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC.

The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates that ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-like substance. Egyptian documents mention that a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving.

If you're curious about the necessity of this particular invention, try seeing how long you can go without it.

 
30.17 Soap (invention)Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid.Soap consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and is obtained by reacting common oils or fats with a strong alkaline solution (the base, popularly referred to as lye) in a process known as saponification. The fats are hydrolyzed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol.The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC.The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates that ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-like substance. Egyptian documents mention that a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving.If you're curious about the necessity of this particular invention, try seeing how long you can go without it.
You're a real creep.
 
30.18 Star Wars: Episode V - THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK - Film

LUUUUUUKKKKKEEEEEE

Boom goes the dynamite

 
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Why is soap allowed but not central heat & air? Serious question here.Try seeing how long you can go without your air conditioner in August.
I never ruled out either of those inventions. Wikkidpissah did. It was my contention, upon taking over the draft, that those inventions are perfectly acceptable, though not taken together.
 
Here’s a couple of late write-ups for picks I made for BobbyLayne.

Pick 21.07 – The Histories by Herodotus – Non-Fiction

The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Written about 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, The Histories tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. Herodotus travelled extensively around the ancient world, conducting interviews and collecting stories for his book. At the beginning of The Histories, Herodotus sets out his reasons for writing it:

“Herodotus of Halicarnassus here displays his enquiry, so that human achievements may not become forgotten in time, and great and marvellous deeds – some displayed by Greeks, some by barbarians – may not be without their glory; and especially to show why the two peoples fought with each other.”

The rise of the Persian Empire is chronicled, and the causes for the conflict with Greece. Herodotus treats the conflict as an ideological one, frequently contrasting the absolute power of the Persian king with the democratic government of the Greeks.
The importance of this “great work” is that it basically founded the historical method in Western culture. It is the first consciously recorded history. Secondly, it’s a delight to read. Like the very best historians, Herodotus was a master storyteller and didn’t shy away from the juicer customs he came across.

Two of the juicer ones I recall are about the Massagtae and the Lydians –

1. The ancient Massagetae were even more waste conscious than the Eskimos. Not only did they freely share their wives with one another (just "hang up your quiver in front of her wagon and then enjoy her without misgiving"), but they also had efficient parties. When a Massagetaen deemed themselves too old to keep on living, they threw themselves a massive going-away binge. The whole family would show up and pay their respects by first killing them, then boiling them down with some cattle meat (for spice), and then top it all off by eating every last bite (leftovers were disrespectful). "This they consider to be the best sort of death."

2. In ancient Lydia, every woman came with a dowry upon marriage. However, the larger the dowry, the lesser the snugness. Apparently every "working-class girl in Lydia prostitute(d) themselves without exception to collect money for their dowries". So if a man married a gal with a hefty bag of cash, they were also guaranteed to get professional lifetime care. What a combo. Bonus for the ladies though: "They choose their own husbands."

Pick 28.14 – The Metamorphosis by Kafka – Novel

Very little of Kafka’s work was published during his lifetime. He was extraordinarily shy about his fiction, despite clearly viewing writing as the purpose of his life. Though a lawyer by profession, he choose a job that would allow him the time to write (he worked in the mornings, wrote at night, slept 3 to 6 hours depending on how the writing went, then got up and went back to work). He sought relationships, both friendly and romantic, with people that would benefit his writing. His best friend, Max Brod, became his greatest advocate and is the one responsible for publishing all his work after Kafka’s death. A great deal has been written about his various engagements with women, which he would cultivate then inexplicably end to their dismay and confusion. Why? Because he was terrified that family life would end his time for writing.

Kafka was man who lived on the borders of things. He avoided marriage, but desperately wanted a family. He was a Jew who didn’t believe in the Jewish faith. He was a Czech who wrote in German. He was a Jew who moved to Berlin (for a short time) during the rise of mass Anti-Semitism. He was a writer, but was too shy to publish anything except at the extreme insistence of his friends. The man was a genius, and like most men of genius, a complete paradox.

The Metamorphosis itself was one of the few works that was published during Kafka’s life. It was an enormous success in the Prague and Berlin literary communities, but didn’t enjoy international acclaim until after Kafka’s death. The work starts with a very simple, yet utterly fantastic premise:

“One morning, as Gregor Samsa was waking up from anxious dreams, he discovered that in his bed he had been changed into a monstrous insect.”

WAT?

The point isn’t that Gregor is an insect. This is a device used to explore how a fantastic element would disrupt our boring everyday lives. For example, Kafka spends a good deal of time narrating the effects of Gregor not being able to go to work. He loses his job. He is blamed for his family’s woes when they suffer the lost income. People begin to hate him. His father abuses him, throws things at him, etc. Kafka’s method here is to take one ridiculous instance, then proceed to rationally work it through a completely realistic world, point by point, piece by piece, to show that, in effect, there is no room for the fantastic in our boring modern lives.

No writer before Kafka had done something like this; The Metamorphosis is truly a narrative leap; it pushed writers in new directions they'd never dreamed of before, and as such is a legitimate work of genius.

Its success also encouraged the shy Kafka to continue this style of writing, which led to him to create the masterpieces published after his death, such as The Trial. Here again Kafka used the method he invented in The Metamorphosis to even greater effect – he introduced an absurd element into an otherwise completely realistic and rational world (a man put on trial without a stated charge), and logically plays it out to the protagonist’s misery.

It all began with The Metamorphosis. The book changed forever what people thought could be done with narrative. It invited later authors to introduce absurdities into their own stories for symbolic or critical reasons. Simply put: The Metamorphosis opened up the realms of narrative possibility.

 
30.19 - What A Wonderful World - Louis Armstrong - Song

One of my favorite songs of all time and one of the most moving. Whenever I'm down, I can throw this song on and it always peps me up.

Link

 
30.19 - What A Wonderful World - Louis Armstrong - Song

One of my favorite songs of all time and one of the most moving. Whenever I'm down, I can throw this song on and it always peps me up.

Link
I think you are subverting my attempted theme - this, along with To Kill a Mockingbird, have you taken from me, without remorse
 
30.19 - What A Wonderful World - Louis Armstrong - Song

One of my favorite songs of all time and one of the most moving. Whenever I'm down, I can throw this song on and it always peps me up.

Link
I think you are subverting my attempted theme - this, along with To Kill a Mockingbird, have you taken from me, without remorse
Sorry, GB. Just taking things I personally like and these two are right at the top of the things I most enjoy.
 
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Wait, I'm just now up? El Floppo and MisfitBlondes, STAND DOWN! I'll make the pick with a wee write-up in a minute.

 
I have to go ahead and take my favorite movie here; leaving it on the board is too risky considering some of the great movie picks that have been made.

30.20 Au Hasard Balthazar - directed by Robert Bresson (movie)

It seems like a few of Bresson's other excellent films (which I won't name to avoid spotlighting) are more well-known, though this one is considered his masterpiece. It is currently ranked #19 on Sight & Sound's every-decade critics' poll of the best movies in history, and yet few non-movie-critics seem to have seen it.

I think it might be that, until a few years ago, no good print of the movie was available. But in 2005, a new restored print was released in art-house theatres and later on a Criterion Collection DVD. I was lucky enough to see it at Music Box Theatre, my favorite Chicago theatre, on a huge screen. I've never been so profoundly moved by a movie on first viewing. From the first moment, when you simply hear the sound of a donkey braying, to the last scene (which I won't describe so as not to spoil it), I was transfixed, and when the movie was over, I was exhausted and felt like I was taking my first breath in 90 minutes.

Jean-Luc Godard said about this movie: "Everyone who sees this film will be absolutely astonished...because this film is really the world in an hour and a half."

It's hard to find a review of this that doesn't contain too many spoilers, so I'll post this and look around some more for one that's safe.

 
I have to go ahead and take my favorite movie here; leaving it on the board is too risky considering some of the great movie picks that have been made.

30.20 Au Hasard Balthazar - directed by Robert Bresson (movie)

It seems like a few of Bresson's other excellent films (which I won't name to avoid spotlighting) are more well-known, though this one is considered his masterpiece. It is currently ranked #19 on Sight & Sound's every-decade critics' poll of the best movies in history, and yet few non-movie-critics seem to have seen it.

I think it might be that, until a few years ago, no good print of the movie was available. But in 2005, a new restored print was released in art-house theatres and later on a Criterion Collection DVD. I was lucky enough to see it at Music Box Theatre, my favorite Chicago theatre, on a huge screen. I've never been so profoundly moved by a movie on first viewing. From the first moment, when you simply hear the sound of a donkey braying, to the last scene (which I won't describe so as not to spoil it), I was transfixed, and when the movie was over, I was exhausted and felt like I was taking my first breath in 90 minutes.

Jean-Luc Godard said about this movie: "Everyone who sees this film will be absolutely astonished...because this film is really the world in an hour and a half."

It's hard to find a review of this that doesn't contain too many spoilers, so I'll post this and look around some more for one that's safe.
:rolleyes: For the record, I did almost take it just to spite you. Also, it is indeed a phenomenal movie.
 
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Sad to say, I never heard of it, but 100 on Rotten Tomatoes is 67 better than Mall Cop so it must be really really good.

 
Sad to say, I never heard of it, but 100 on Rotten Tomatoes is 67 better than Mall Cop so it must be really really good.
Good lord. Terminator Salvation is seriously only 1% better than Paul Blart: Mall Cop on Rotten Tomatoes? Brutal.
 
MisfitBlondes said:
I have to go ahead and take my favorite movie here; leaving it on the board is too risky considering some of the great movie picks that have been made.

30.20 Au Hasard Balthazar - directed by Robert Bresson (movie)

It seems like a few of Bresson's other excellent films (which I won't name to avoid spotlighting) are more well-known, though this one is considered his masterpiece. It is currently ranked #19 on Sight & Sound's every-decade critics' poll of the best movies in history, and yet few non-movie-critics seem to have seen it.

I think it might be that, until a few years ago, no good print of the movie was available. But in 2005, a new restored print was released in art-house theatres and later on a Criterion Collection DVD. I was lucky enough to see it at Music Box Theatre, my favorite Chicago theatre, on a huge screen. I've never been so profoundly moved by a movie on first viewing. From the first moment, when you simply hear the sound of a donkey braying, to the last scene (which I won't describe so as not to spoil it), I was transfixed, and when the movie was over, I was exhausted and felt like I was taking my first breath in 90 minutes.

Jean-Luc Godard said about this movie: "Everyone who sees this film will be absolutely astonished...because this film is really the world in an hour and a half."

It's hard to find a review of this that doesn't contain too many spoilers, so I'll post this and look around some more for one that's safe.
;) For the record, I did almost take it just to spite you. Also, it is indeed a phenomenal movie.
Damn, I did too. :lmao:
:lol:
 
31.01 This Land Is Your Land song by Woody Guthrie

Its lyrics were written by Woody Guthrie in 1940 on an existing melody, in response to Irving Berlin's "God Bless America", which Guthrie considered unrealistic and complacent. Tired of hearing Kate Smith sing it on the radio, he wrote a response originally called "God Blessed America for Me". Guthrie varied the lyrics over time, sometimes including more overtly political verses than appear in recordings or publications.
Four versions:Woody's:

 
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:unsure:

31.01 - Back in Black - AC/DC - Album

The second best selling album of all time. The best selling album ever by a group. Three of the greatest hard rock songs of all time.

1. "Hells Bells" – 5:12

2. "Shoot to Thrill" – 5:17

3. "What Do You Do for Money Honey" – 3:36

4. "Givin the Dog a Bone" – 3:32

5. "Let Me Put My Love into You" – 4:15

6. "Back in Black" – 4:16

7. "You Shook Me All Night Long" – 3:30

8. "Have a Drink on Me" – 3:58

9. "Shake a Leg" – 4:06

10. "Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution" – 4:26

:fro:

Wiki

 
31.03 BEER - invention :unsure:

History

Main article: History of beer

Egyptian wooden model of beer making in ancient Egypt, Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, California

Beer is one of the world's oldest beverages, possibly dating back to the early Neolithic or 9000 BC, and is recorded in the written history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.[8] The earliest Sumerian writings contain references to a type of beer. A prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", serves as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.[5][6]

As almost any substance containing carbohydrates, mainly sugar or starch, can naturally undergo fermentation, it is likely that beer-like beverages were independently invented among various cultures throughout the world. The invention of bread and beer has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization.[9][10][11] The earliest known chemical evidence of beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran.[12]

Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC,[13] though it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale.[14] The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. The early European beers might contain alongside the basic starch source: fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic drugs.[15] What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition—first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot[16] and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.[17]

Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century.[18] The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.

Today, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries.[19] More than 133 billion liters (35 billion gallons) are sold per year (the equivalent of a cube 510 metres on a side), producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006.
 
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31.03 BEER - invention :unsure:

History

Main article: History of beer

Egyptian wooden model of beer making in ancient Egypt, Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, California

Beer is one of the world's oldest beverages, possibly dating back to the early Neolithic or 9000 BC, and is recorded in the written history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.[8] The earliest Sumerian writings contain references to a type of beer. A prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", serves as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.[5][6]

As almost any substance containing carbohydrates, mainly sugar or starch, can naturally undergo fermentation, it is likely that beer-like beverages were independently invented among various cultures throughout the world. The invention of bread and beer has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization.[9][10][11] The earliest known chemical evidence of beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran.[12]

Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC,[13] though it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale.[14] The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. The early European beers might contain alongside the basic starch source: fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic drugs.[15] What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition—first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot[16] and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.[17]

Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century.[18] The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.

Today, the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries.[19] More than 133 billion liters (35 billion gallons) are sold per year (the equivalent of a cube 510 metres on a side), producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006.
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30.04 Pi (Scientific Discovery)

Pi or π is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle's circumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as the ratio of a circle's area to the square of its radius. It is approximately equal to 3.14159 in the usual decimal notation (see the table for its representation in some other bases). π is one of the most important mathematical and physical constants: many formulae from mathematics, science, and engineering involve π.

π is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction m/n, where m and n are integers. Consequently, its decimal representation never ends or repeats. It is also a transcendental number, which means that no finite sequence of algebraic operations on integers (powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its value; proving this was a late achievement in mathematical history and a significant result of 19th century German mathematics. Throughout the history of mathematics, there has been much effort to determine π more accurately and to understand its nature; fascination with the number has even carried over into non-mathematical culture.

The Greek letter π, often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the number from the Greek word for perimeter "περίμετρος", first by William Jones in 1707, and popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737.The constant is occasionally also referred to as the circular constant, Archimedes' constant (not to be confused with an Archimedes number), or Ludolph's number (from a German mathematician whose efforts to calculate more of its digits became famous).

 

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