Growing up, any dogs I had were suburban backyard outside dogs. I take that back, one dog got a week inside (after much pleading from me) and then it destroyed some Christmas ornaments while we were sleeping one night and was banished to the back yard. We'd let them in for particularly bad weather, but in southern California that was really not an issue more than a handful of times. Looking back on my childhood, I don't recall any of my friends having an inside dog. The dogs of my childhood never stuck out to me, they weren't really part of the family even though we all probably would have described them as a family dog.
When I became an adult, I adopted an older Lab/Golden mix from the local SPCA and made it an inside dog. One of the best behaved dogs I've ever had and it was truly part of the family. The relationship with inside dogs are on a whole different level and I wouldn't think of having it any other way since experiencing it first hand. There are some bad parts, like when they shred the trash or whatever, but the right frame of mind isn't to blame the dog it's to understand "I made this scenario possible, I've got to be better about protecting the trash ... especially if there's something smelly in there." Since then, we've had 3 dogs that were all inside dogs. I'm certain that the last 3 dogs would be labeled bad dogs if they were kept outside with the barking, howling, digging and trouble they'd otherwise get into. Inside, the bond is so much stronger and their behavior is so much better. They shed and they sometimes get into trouble inside, you've got to manage both situations (unless you get a breed that doesn't shed). There are also benefits to inside dogs though, one of which is that when we're gone they have the run of the house and I'm confident that their presence in the house helps dissuade anyone who might be interested in breaking in. With small kids, any small crumbs that make it to the floor are instantly cleaned up, which is a perk too.
It sounds like I grew up in a situation similar to you (minus the farm thing), but having experienced both I'd never do anything other than an inside dog again. Right now we have a lab pup that's roughly a year old we got from the local pound about a month ago. She's a really terrific dog (would be eating everything in sight outside, though - rocks, twigs, snails, kids toys, hoses, toads, whatever) but she's got this little nibbling problem, she likes to play by nibbling adults hands. One way we're training her is to make that hurt yelp, tell her no bite and then disengage playing with her when she does it (just a tiny bit of social isolation). When that happens, her world is turned upside down. You can just feel the hurt in that few minutes of pretending like she doesn't exist. I can't imagine what that dog would feel like if it was outside for the hours we're doing things like showering, eating dinner, chores or whatever. Now, she sits by us and feels content during those times we can't devote attention to her. Outside, it'd be that social isolation on a bigger level.
We try to engage our puppy a lot. We take her out to the farmers market, to socialize at dog parks, we play with her outside, go on walks/runs. We're trying really hard with that, because she's kind of new. If I had to guess we might average about 1.5-2 hours a day of that sort of stuff and then maybe another 2 if the weather is good enough and the kids play outside with her. In my best case scenario, we're spending 4 of 24 hours with them. in my childhood, I can remember the dogs still being attached to us, it was like christmas every time we went outside with all the pent up need for attention. We weren't as attached to them, though and often time that pent up need for attention just seemed like them being "bad dogs." Having a dog be an inside dog is just as good for what it does to you (that deep attachment - a true family dog) as it is for them. Just my two cents. I'd recommend giving it a shot at least.