There are some posts at the PFR blog that may give you some info, but I don't think any have looked at exactly what you are talking about.
Doug's post
Running Back Deterioration III doesn't specifically focus on season-ending injuries, but does contain regression analysis of older backs, looking at factors like career rushes, recent year's VBD, career VBD, and age, to output future rushes.
Doug's post on Ahman
Green and Deuce McAllister is probably the most relevant from an overall picture standpoint on your question. It looked at players who had been top 20 performers each of the previous two seasons, and then missed at least half the season between ages 26 and 29. It lists several historical players, but not the specific nature of their injuries. You might be able to track those down by internet searches.
I had a two part post on
Running Back Overuse and
Injuries. My focus was more looking at workloads, and then how many injuries occurred after, but I do list the nature of several injuries. Part one has players that were hurt in about mid-season after starting the season healthy, and lists several season-ending injuries and the specific injury and games missed. Part two lists some players injured at the start of the next season, and their injuries. Some other historical players are listed who suffered early season-ending injuries after having high playoff carries the year before, but I don't list the nature. Most were knee injuries.
I don't think you are going to find a composite that will easily give you this info, like archived injury reports, at least I couldn't find any. What you can probably do is identify players who missed at least half a season (suggesting a serious injury), and then do specific internet searches to find mentions of the injury, at least that's how I did it. PFR also has the game by game database since 1995, so you should be able to find guys who, say, missed four or more consecutive games at the end of the season, and then identify their injuries to determine if they were in line with what you are looking at.
Good luck.