The McCarthy Era, Continued:
Even before the results of the Hiss trial, President Truman had signed Executive Order 9835, known as "The Loyalty Act". After the Hiss trial, it began to be enforced.
Apart from its other outrages, the Loyalty Act encouraged Americans to snoop on colleagues, friends, neighbors, and even relatives. Furthermore, it was an administrative monstrosity. The FBI began stalking "disloyal and subversive persons" by conducting a "name check" of the the two million people on federal payrolls, from mailmen to cabinet members. In addition, the bureau was answerable for disloyalty among the 400,000 annual applicants for government jobs. "Derogatory information" about an individual brought a "full field investigation" into his past, sometimes all the way back to childhood, with agents interrogating those who remembered him, or thought they remembered him, about his habits, associates, and convictions. Accumulated data were weighed by a regional loyalty board which could either dismiss charges or hold a hearing and reach a verdict. Adverse decisions could be appealed to a National Loyalty Review Board in Washington, whose rulings were final.
On what grounds could a mailman, for instance, be fired? Pink slips went to those who had committed treason, engaged in espionage, advocated violent overthrow of the government (already forbidden by the Hatch Act), disclosed official confidences, or belonged to any association which the attorney general defined as "subversive." Proof that a man had engaged in any of these activities need not be absolute; "reasonable grounds for belief" of subversion was enough. The ground rules for hearings were Kafkaesque. Charges were to be stated "specifically and completely" only if, in the judgment of the employing department, "security considerations permit." If not, the accused wasn't even told how or when he was said to have slipped.
He might have learned what he was being charged with had he been granted the time-honored right to confront his accuser, but this, too, was denied him. FBI policy held that identification of informants would hamper future investigations, thus jeopardizing national security. Similarly, the attorney general's list of proscribed organizations, which had been drawn up by the FBI, was above challenge. The groups on it were not allowed to argue their innocence. If a civil servant had held membership in one of them- or, in many cases, if he merely knew someone who belonged- he was given notice. Guilt was, quite literally, by association.
Those victims who were privileged to know why they were being fired received a form which began, "The evidence indicates that" and continued with such accusations as these (taken from the files at the time):
Since 1943 you have been a close associate of ___________, an individual who, evidence in our files indicates, has displayed an active, sympathetic interest in the principles and policies of the Communist Party...
Your name appeared in an article of the April 4 1946 edition of the York Gazette as a sponsor of a mass meeting for the National Committee to Win the Peace, which has been identified as a subversive organization...
During your period of employment at Williams College, you made statements to the effect that you believed "the House Committee on Un-American Activities is a greater threat to civil liberties than the Communist Party..."
The letter would conclude with a notice of dismissal. The luckless ex-employee was then publicly exposed by FBI agents questioning his neighbors and family. Neighbors would then cut him on the street, refused to have anything to do with his wife, forbade their children to play with his. His sons might be barred from the Boy Scouts. He couldn't call upon friends as anybody he contacted would also be immediately under suspicion. There was no employee that would hire him. Many changed their names and moved to new locations where they would not be recognized. Some committed suicide.