It's often very hard to know how someone else would have done in the same situation. If we can't be confident that we know how Al Gore would have responded to 9/11 and the Iraq WMD situation, then we shouldn't be confident that Bush handled things very poorly if we're grading on a curve (which, I think, is the right way to grade for most purposes). That said, "often very hard" doesn't mean "always impossible." As with most things in life, we piece together the evidence and make reasonable inferences from it the best we can, and come to whatever conclusion we believe is justified. But the confidence we place in our conclusions should be limited by the difficulty of doing all of those things correctly -- and most people are way overconfident in that regard, especially when it comes to politics. (In study after study, when people predict something with 95% confidence, they end up being right about 60% of the time. There's no reason to think people's calibration is any better when it comes to counterfactual propositions than it is regarding factually verifiable propositions.)Re number 4: how can we ever evaluate how somebody else would do the same situation? Situations are fluid.I don't always like Scott Adams, but this is pretty good:A Voter's Guide to Thinking
1. If you are comparing Plan A to Plan B, you might be doing a good job of thinking. But if you are comparing Plan A to an imaginary situation in which there are no tradeoffs in life, you are not thinking.
2. If you see quotes taken out of context, and you form an opinion anyway, that's probably not thinking. If you believe you need no further context because there is only one imaginable explanation for the meaning of the quotes, you might have a poor imagination. Sometimes a poor imagination feels a lot like knowledge, but it's closer to the opposite.
3. If a debate lends itself to estimates of cost (in money or human suffering) and you aren't willing to offer an estimate in support of your opinion, you don't yet have an opinion.
4. If you are sure you know how a leader performed during his or her tenure, and you don't know how someone else would have performed in the same situation, you don't actually know anything. It just feels like you do.
5. If something reminds you of something else (such as Hitler, to pick one example) that doesn't mean you are thinking. That just means something reminded you of something. A strong association of that type can prevent you from thinking, but it is not itself a component of reason.
6. Analogies are not an element of reason. Analogies are good for explaining things to people who are new to a topic. If I am busy as a beaver, that does not imply that I also build dams by gnawing on wood. It just means I'm busy.
7. If you think your well-informed and reasoned opinions as a voter are bringing up the average, let me introduce you to the 100% of other voters who believe they are bringing up the average as well.
8. If your opinion is based on your innate ability to predict the future, you might be employing more magical thinking than reason. The exceptions would be the people who use data to predict the future, such as Nate Silver. That stuff is credible albeit imperfect by nature. Your imagination is less reliable.
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