William McKinley (1897-1901)
Public Acumen/Persuasion
We are entering the 20th Century. A century that started with war, assassination and general turmoil. But when McKinley came to office he had the top political skills of the day. National known by republicans and democrats alike for his work in Ohio, he had been running for President since Cleveland was his second term. McKinley and his support system were so powerful and good at politics that William Jennings Bryan couldn’t make a dent in the election. McKinley housed him and began another long line of Presidental power for the Republicans that only Woodrow Wilson would break between McKinley and the 1930’s.
Supported strongly throughout the nation threw his first term, he easily beat Bryan again in the rematch for a second term. McKinley built a political machine on his back that basically ran the country for 25 years. He certainly had his issues, which will be address, but in terms of political power, McKinley exercised it fairly well and massively effectively.
War & Crisis
Reaching the end of the 19th century, America had no more land to conquer near its borders and American expansion, if it was going to happen, was going to be imperial and colonial in the hemisphere. The tension over these issues was growing exponentially as matters in Cuba came to a head. Previous presidents had little to no success in Cuba but by the time of his administration, the Spanish rule over the island was barbaric. Spain put down a rebellion by throwing hundreds of thousands of Cubans into concentration camps and American popular opinion called for war with Spain over the issue. By the end of 1897 McKinley was pressuring Spain to resolve the issues there peacefully and diplomatically and signs were pointing to a possible resolve. When pro-Spanish protestors rioted in the capital McKinley sent the battleship Maine to anchor in Havanna harbor to show support for American interests and support of Spain in general if it meant a peaceful solution. Anchoring the ship caused massive diplomatic problems in Spain though. Cuban nationals intercepted writings from the Spanish ambassador which showed Spain’s true position. They called McKinley weak, America in no position to do anything and admitted in pretty great detail for a diplomatic communication that the negotiations with America weren’t being done in good faith.
Those letters were published in the United States to get America backing of the Cuban revolution. The nation responded calling for war with Spain. Weeks later the Maine exploded in harbor killing almost all of the sailors on board. The Navy reported that the ultimate cause of the explosion was a Spanish mine in the port. The public wanted war and McKinley’s attempt at a peaceful solution weren’t working. McKinley requested approval from Congress to intervene in Cuba, they granted the power, and McKinley blockaded the island. Spain cut off all diplomatic relationships and the country was at war. Spain formally declared war first and McKinley and congress responded in kind.
The war was won almost immediately by America. Commodore Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet without losing a single man. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt’s Roughriders captured Santiago. McKinley formally annexed Hawaii for good. The American navy built by Chester Arthur obliterated the Spanish Navy in the Atlantic. In early August we captured Puerto Rico. By the middle of August Spain sued for peace and a cease fire was granted. The Paris Peace Treaty that ended the war was a massive success for America in every way. Spain renounced all claims to Cuba which was an American protectorate for decades, and the US also formally took control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and all of the Phillipean Islands. McKinley took total and complete control of the republican party, Congress and the nation when the war was won.
However, almost immediately after the Treaty, a revolt in the Phillipean Islands that McKinley put down hard. America was given the same title that Cubans gave to Spain for their pressing of colonial power in that island. Thousands died in the contest. That dark mark aside, McKinley’s Spanish American War was a great success.
Economy
McKinley was a gold man and got the American dollar backed by gold once again. He passed tariff legislation that significantly change the structure. He had the backing of organized labor and supported anti-trust legislation though he didn’t pass any of his bills regarding it. The economy was in solid shape when he was assassinated.
Foreign Policy
He fought and won the Spanish American war and expanded American global power. He also issued the Open Door policy with China which was massively important and considered to this day one of the most important foreign policies in American history. He sent troops to China to support the country in the midst of the Boxer rebellion but did it without seeking support in Congress. That single act is the basis of all presidents since using the military without congressional approval first. Finally, McKinley with an able assist from John Hay finally got in place in England an agreement to build a canal in central America. It was the basis, eventually, for the Panama Canal.
Executive Skills/Congress
He had some early problems with his cabinet but by the start of the war, McKinley ran his party, his cabinet, the congress and the country. He was remarkably successful in most everything he did in this arena.
Justice/Rights
Except here. McKinley tried for racial equality. He toured the south and tried to ease tensions there. Blacks believed that McKinley was going to be their greatest friend in office since Lincoln, but his actions didn’t back it up. He basically kept the status quo unable to change anything in the south. Some historians believe that he didn’t truly understand the problem and therefore couldn’t fix it. It might be true. His actions were cosmetic in the end, designed not to anger the white south or hurt his party and did little to stem the growing all out terrorism of blacks.
Context
McKinley helped to usher in a time when America was growing as a world power, almost to the day that George Washington envisioned. His magnificent leadership during the war was only matched by his power over his own party. His failures with civil rights were in keeping with the times and future presidents were worse than him. He managed the economy in the day, trying for silver and gold to work and working with foreign nations to get the world economy on the same page, but when that faltered he supported gold and made that happen. It helped that the gold rush in Alaska happened at the same time.
McKinley entered his second term a hero and powerful politician. He may have been able to grow in stature during the next four years. But we won’t know. His second inaugural called for increased trade treaties with the world that would change the tariff system and open up ports for America. But an assassin took his life with two gunshots to the gut. He initially looked like he might recover but like our past presidents who were shot, medicine at the time wasn’t able to truly figure out what was going on and infections in his body slowly poisoned him to death.
Conclusion
McKinley was a good to great President. He was an unabashed imperialist and republican. He strengthened his party and led the nation through a war. His economy was solid and growing and his popular support was more than any president had since Grant. In an effort to ensure that his second term would continue the success of the first, he endorsed as his new Vice President, Theodore Roosevelt. That selection proved to be just as important as anything else he did in office. On persuasion he gets a 9, on crisis he gets a 8, on economy he gets a 8, on foreign policy a 8, on congress a 9, on civil rights 3, on context 7. 51 total points. McKinley is usually ranked in the middle of the pack of our Presidents. He gets hits for being an imperial president stretching American power into the black mark of the Phillippeans. But he altered the Presidency in how he ran for office and led his party. Presidents following McKinley grew that power.
The basis for a more executive controlled government came back under McKinley as well. As much as Andrew Johnson destroyed it and previous presidents tried to get it back, McKinley finally did it. From McKinley on, the office of President of the United States was the most important and powerful in the nation, and ultimately the world. If you don’t like our colonial advances McKinley is going to score low in your ranking. If you agree that America should always grow its power, he is near the top of the list. If you break down what he actually did in office and how he changed the nature of the office and how political parties use and are used by the President, he is in our highest ranks though. The hit to his ultimate history is that the guy that followed him ended up being a legend. But we shouldn’t forget McKinley and give him his due. As a President, he was ultimately successful and regained the stature of the office.