Antisemitism
See also:
Antisemitism in Islam,
Islamic–Jewish relations, and
Antisemitism in the Arab world
Historian
Martin Gilbert writes that it was in the 19th century that the position of Jews worsened in Muslim countries.
[38] According to
Mark Cohen in
The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies, most scholars conclude that Arab anti-Semitism in the modern world arose in the nineteenth century, against the backdrop of conflicting Jewish and Arab nationalism, and was imported into the Arab world primarily by nationalistically minded Christian Arabs (and only subsequently was it "Islamized").
[39]
There was a massacre of Jews in
Baghdad in 1828.
[40] There was a massacre of Jews in Barfurush in 1867.
[40]
In 1865, when the equality of all subjects of the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed,
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, a high-ranking official observed: "whereas in former times, in the Ottoman State, the communities were ranked, with the Muslims first, then the Greeks, then the Armenians, then the Jews, now all of them were put on the same level. Some Greeks objected to this, saying: 'The government has put us together with the Jews. We were content with the supremacy of Islam.'"
[41]
Throughout the 1860s, the
Jews of Libya were subjected to what Gilbert calls punitive taxation. In 1864, around 500 Jews were killed in
Marrakech and
Fezin Morocco. In 1869, 18 Jews were killed in
Tunis, and an Arab mob looted Jewish homes and stores, and burned synagogues, on
Jerba Island. In 1875, 20 Jews were killed by a mob in
Demnat, Morocco; elsewhere in Morocco, Jews were attacked and killed in the streets in broad daylight. In 1891, the leading Muslims in
Jerusalem asked the Ottoman authorities in
Constantinople to prohibit the entry of Jews arriving from
Russia. In 1897, synagogues were ransacked and Jews were murdered in
Tripolitania.
[38]
An important instance of anti-Semitism around this time was the
Damascus affair, in which many Jews in Damascus (which was then under the leadership of
Muhammad Ali of Egypt) were arrested after being accused of murdering the Christian Father Thomas and his servant in an instance of
blood libel. While the authorities under Sharif Pasha, Egyptian governor of Damascus, tortured the accused until they confessed to the crime, and killed two Jews who refused to confess, prominent European Jews such as
Adolphe Crémieux demanded the release of the condemned.
[42]
Benny Morris writes that one symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children. Morris quotes a 19th-century traveler:
I have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching [them] to throw stones at a Jew, and one little urchin would, with the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his Jewish
gaberdine. To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mohammedan.
[43]
The overwhelming majority of the Ottoman Jews lived in the
European-provinces of the Empire. As the empire lost control over its European provinces in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these Jewish communities found themselves under Christian rule. The
Bosnian Jews for example came under
Austro-Hungarian rule after the occupation of the region in 1878, the independence of
Greece,
Bulgaria and
Serbia further lowered the number of Jews within the borders of the Ottoman Empire.