Leo Tolstoy - Novelist/Intellectual/Philosopher
For me there are three obvious choices at the top of this category. I am going with my personal favorite due to his lasting influence, not only for his work as a novelist but also as an essayist, education reformer, and philosopher/intellectual. For now I will slot him as a novelist, and there he will likely stay, but it's important that we take into account his full body of work. The man wrote two of the most important novels in the history of world literature in War and Peace and Anna Karenina . On top of that, his ideas on non-violent resistance as expressed in The Kingdom of God is Within You profoundly impacted the likes of Gandhi and other great men.
Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й?·i, Russian pronunciation: [lʲɛv nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj]; September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 – November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910), was a Russian writer widely regarded as one of the greatest novelists of all time. His masterpieces, War and Peace and Anna Karenina, represent the peak of realist fiction in their scope, breadth and vivid depiction of 19th-century Russian life and mind.
Tolstoy's further talents as essayist, dramatist, and educational reformer made him the most influential member of the aristocratic Tolstoy family. His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him in later life to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God is Within You, were to have a profound impact on such pivotal twentieth-century figures as Gandhi and [blank].
Novels and fictional works
Tolstoy was one of the giants of 19th century Russian literature. His most famous works include the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, and many shorter works, including the novellas The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Hadji Murad. His contemporaries paid him lofty tributes: Dostoevsky thought him the greatest of all living novelists while Gustave Flaubert gushed: "What an artist and what a psychologist!". Anton Chekhov, who often visited Tolstoy at his country estate, wrote: "When literature possesses a Tolstoy, it is easy and pleasant to be a writer; even when you know you have achieved nothing yourself and are still achieving nothing, this is not as terrible as it might otherwise be, because Tolstoy achieves for everyone. What he does serves to justify all the hopes and aspirations invested in literature." Later critics and novelists continue to bear testaments to his art: Virginia Woolf went on to declare him "greatest of all novelists", and James Joyce noted: "He is never dull, never stupid, never tired, never pedantic, never theatrical!". Thomas Mann wrote of his seemingly guileless artistry—"Seldom did art work so much like nature"—sentiments shared in part by many others, including Marcel Proust, William Faulkner, Vladimir Nabokov (who superlatively praised works such as Anna Karenina and The Death of Ivan Ilyich, questioned the reputation of War and Peace and harshly criticized Resurrection and The Kreutzer Sonata).
His autobiographical novels, Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth (1852–1856), his first publications, tell of a rich landowner's son and his slow realization of the differences between him and his peasants. Although in later life Tolstoy rejected these books as sentimental, a great deal of his own life is revealed, and the books still have relevance for their telling of the universal story of growing up.
Tolstoy served as a second lieutenant in an artillery regiment during the Crimean War, recounted in his Sevastapol Sketches. His experiences in battle helped develop his pacifism, and gave him material for realistic depiction of the horrors of war in his later work.
His fiction consistently attempts to convey realistically the Russian society in which he lived. The Cossacks (1863) describes the Cossack life and people through a story of a Russian aristocrat in love with a Cossack girl. Anna Karenina (1877) tells parallel stories of an adulterous woman trapped by the conventions and falsities of society and of a philosophical landowner (much like Tolstoy), who works alongside the peasants in the fields and seeks to reform their lives.
Tolstoy not only drew from his experience of life but created characters in his own image, such as Pierre Bezukhov and Prince Andrei in War and Peace, Levin in Anna Karenina and to some extent, Prince Nekhlyudov in Resurrection.
War and Peace is generally thought to be one of the greatest novels ever written, remarkable for its breadth and unity. Its vast canvas includes 580 characters, many historical, others fictional. The story moves from family life to the headquarters of Napoleon, from the court of Alexander I of Russia to the battlefields of Austerlitz and Borodino. Tolstoy's original idea for War and Peace was to investigate the causes of the Decembrist revolt, to which it refers only in the last chapters, from which can be deduced that Andrei Bolkonski's son will become one of the Decembrists. The novel explores Tolstoy's theory of history, and in particular the insignificance of individuals such as Napoleon and Alexander. Somewhat surprisingly, Tolstoy did not consider War and Peace to be a novel (nor did he consider many of the great Russian fictions written at that time to be novels). This view becomes less surprising if one considers that Tolstoy was a novelist of the realist school who considered the novel to be a framework for the examination of social and political issues in nineteenth-century life. War and Peace (which is to Tolstoy really an epic in prose) therefore did not qualify. Tolstoy thought that Anna Karenina was his first true novel, and it is indeed one of the greatest of all realist novels.
After Anna Karenina, Tolstoy concentrated on Christian themes, and his later novels such as The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) and What Then Must We Do? develop a radical anarcho-pacifist Christian philosophy which led to his excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1901.
For all the due praise of Tolstoy's two great pillars of Russian Civilization, "Anna Karenina" and "War and Peace," Tolstoy rejected the two works later in his life as something not as true of reality. Such an argument is supported in "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" whose main character continually battles with his family and servants, requiring above the water and food needed to keep him alive, Ivan demands honesty.
Bibliography
* Childhood (Детство [Detstvo]; 1852)
* The Raid (1852)
* Boyhood (Отрочество [Otrochestvo]; 1854)
* Youth (Юность [Yunost']; 1856)
* Sevastopol Stories (Севастопольские рассказы [sevastopolskie Rasskazy]; 1855–56)
* Family Happiness (1859)
* The Cossacks (Казаки [Kazaki]; 1863)
* Ivan the Fool: A Lost Opportunity (1863)
* Polikushka (1863)
* War and Peace (Война и мир [Voyna i mir]; 1865–69)
* A Prisoner in the Caucasus (Кавказский Пленник [Kavkazskii Plennik]; 1872)
* Father Sergius (Отец Сергий [Otets Sergii]; 1873)
* Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина [Anna Karenina]; 1875–77)
* A Confession (1882)
* Strider: The Story of a Horse (1864, 1886)
* What I Believe (also called My Religion) (1884) complete text
* The Death of Ivan Ilyich (Смерть Ивана Ильича [smert' Ivana Il'icha]; 1886)
* How Much Land Does a Man Need? (Много ли человеку земли нужно [Mnogo li cheloveku zemli nuzhno]; 1886)
* The Power of Darkness (Власть тьмы [Vlast' t'my]; 1886), drama
* The Fruits of Culture (play) (1889)
* The Kreutzer Sonata and other stories (Крейцерова соната [Kreitserova Sonata]; 1889)
* The Kingdom of God is Within You (available at wikisource) (1894)
* Master and Man and other stories (1895)
* The Gospel in Brief (1896)
* What Is Art? (1897)
* Letter to the Liberals (1898)
* Resurrection (Воскресение [Voskresenie]; 1899)
* The Living Corpse (Живой труп [Zhivoi trup]; published 1911), drama
* Hadji Murat (Хаджи-Мурат [Khadzhi-Murat]; written in 1896-1904, published 1912)
* The law of love and the law of violence; publisehd in 1940