You're reading it correctly, NewlyRetired —and your summary is impressively clear and nuanced. Here's a breakdown to confirm and slightly expand your understanding:

What You Got Right
• Early Claiming at 62 While Working: Yes, your wife can begin collecting Social Security at 62 even if she continues working. However, because she hasn't reached Full Retirement Age (FRA), her benefits are subject to the Retirement Earnings Test.
• 2025 Earnings Limit: The current threshold is $23,400. If she earns more than that from wages or self-employment income, Social Security will withhold $1 for every $2 earned over the limit.
• Not a Permanent Loss: The SSA does not keep the withheld benefits forever. Once she reaches FRA (which for her birth year is likely 67), her monthly benefit will be recalculated to account for the months when benefits were withheld. This means her benefit will increase going forward.

What’s Worth Emphasizing
• Opportunity Cost: You're spot-on that while the withheld benefits are eventually restored, there's a trade-off. She loses the ability to invest or spend those funds during the years they’re withheld. That’s the real cost—not the benefit itself, but the delay.
• Income Types That Count: Only earned income (wages, self-employment) counts toward the limit. Investment income, pensions, annuities, etc., do not trigger the reduction.
• Adjustment at FRA: The SSA doesn’t give a lump sum for withheld benefits. Instead, they increase her monthly benefit going forward to make up for it. It’s a gradual payback.

Quick Example
Let’s say she earns $28,400 in 2025:
• That’s $5,000 over the limit.
• SSA would withhold $2,500 in benefits that year.
• If her monthly benefit was $1,250, she’d lose two months of payments.
• At FRA, her monthly benefit would be adjusted upward to compensate for those two withheld months.